TCSLib

34 Boolean Analysis — Switching Bernoulli

34.1 Overview

This module proves the Bernoulli version of Håstad’s switching lemma for decision-tree depth: under a Bernoulli\((p)\) random restriction with \(p \le 1/(40w)\), a width-\(w\) DNF (or CNF) has restricted decision-tree depth exceeding \(t\) with probability at most \((1/2)^t + e^{-np/3}\). It is derived by bridging from the fixed-size counting switching lemma to the Bernoulli restriction model.

34.2 Declarations

Lemma 34.1 Cardinality of fixed-size restrictions

For \(k \le n\), the set of restrictions of \(\mathrm{Fin}\, n\) leaving exactly \(k\) variables free has cardinality \(\binom {n}{k}\, 2^{\, n-k}\), i.e. it equals \(\mathrm{numSRestrictions}\, n\, k\).

Lemma 34.2 Bad fixed-size restrictions match the counting filter

For a function \(f\) and parameters \(d, k\), the number of size-\(k\) restrictions \(\rho \) with \(\mathrm{dtDepth}(f|_\rho ) \gt d\) equals the number of restrictions that are \(k\)-restrictions and are bad for \(f\) at depth \(d\) in the counting switching-lemma sense.

For a width-\(w\) DNF \(f\) with no repeated variables per term, \(0 \lt n\), and \(5k \le n\), the probability over uniform size-\(k\) restrictions that the restricted function has decision-tree depth exceeding \(d\) is at most \(\left(10kw/n\right)^d\).

For a width-\(w\) DNF \(f\) with \(0 \lt w\), \(0 \lt n\), and \(k \le n\), the size-\(k\) restriction probability that \(\mathrm{dtDepth}(f|_\rho ) \gt d\) is at most \(\left(10kw/n\right)^d\). This removes the \(5k \le n\) restriction by using the trivial bound when \(5k \gt n\).

The same fixed-size bound written in the form expected by the Bernoulli restriction-cost theorem: the probability is at most \(\left(5k\cdot (2w)/n\right)^d\), using \(10kw/n = 5k\cdot (2w)/n\).

Let \(f\) be a width-\(w\) DNF (\(0 \lt w\)) with no repeated variables per term, and \(0 \lt n\). For a Bernoulli\((p)\) random restriction with \(0 \lt p \le 1/(40w)\) and \(p \le 1\), and for every \(t\),

\[ \Pr _{R_p}\big[\mathrm{dtDepth}(f|_\rho ) \gt t\big] \; \le \; \left(\tfrac 12\right)^t + e^{-np/3}. \]

The \((1/2)^t\) term comes from the switching lemma via the Bernoulli cost reduction, and \(e^{-np/3}\) is the Chernoff tail for leaving too many free variables.

The same statement for a width-\(w\) CNF \(f\): under a Bernoulli\((p)\) restriction with \(0 \lt p \le 1/(40w)\) and \(p \le 1\),

\[ \Pr _{R_p}\big[\mathrm{dtDepth}(f|_\rho ) \gt t\big] \; \le \; \left(\tfrac 12\right)^t + e^{-np/3}, \]

obtained from the DNF version via the dual-DNF representation of \(f\).